Table 2 Biomechanical studies reviewed
From: Biomechanical function of the anterolateral ligament of the knee: a systematic review
Study/year | Age (years) | Sequence of experimental protocol | Torque applied | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Noyes et al. 2017 [13] | 44 ± 8 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section-ITB section Intact-ACL section-ITB section-ALL section | IR (5 Nm), AD (100 N), AD+IR + VG (100 N + 5 Nm or 1 + 7 Nm) | ACL section alone produced increased PS and AD. Further section of ALL or ITB separately produced minor increase in AT (< 2 mm) and IR (< 3°). Concurrent section of ALL and ITB resulted in conversion to a grade-3 PS. |
Inderhaug et al. 2017 [10] | 57 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | IR (5 Nm), AD (90 N), AD+IR (90 N + 5 Nm) | Significant increase in AT and IR with additional section of ALL to ACL. |
Drews et al. 2017 [14] | 57 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (134 N), VG + IR (10 Nm + 4 Nm) | ALL does not function under passive motion and with no influence on tibial rotation. |
Sonnery-Cottet et al. 2016 [15] | 76.4 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section. On the contralateral limb, reverse order | IR (2 Nm) using the navigation system | ALL is involved in rotational control at varying degrees of knee flexion. Concomitant to an ACL or ITB transection, sectioning of ALL further increased rotational laxity. |
Thein et al. 2016 [16] | 43 ± 15 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (134 N), VG + IR (8 N + 4 Nm) | Minor increase in AT (2–3 mm) in AD and PS with section of ALL to ACL. |
Spencer et al. 2016 [17] | 74 ± 12 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (90 N), VG + IR (10 N + 5 Nm) | ALL section had no significant impact on AT in ACL-deficient knees. ALL section had significant impact only on early PS in ACL-deficient knees. |
Ruiz et al. 2016 [12] | 76 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section Intact-ALL section-ACL section | IR (0–8 Nm) | IR increased significantly after each stage of section. |
Rasmussen et al. 2016 [18] | 49.3 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD+IR (88 N + 5 Nm), VG + IR (10 N + 5 Nm) | Significant increase in AT at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 60° of knee flexion, and in IR at all flexion angles when PS force applied after ALL section. |
Bonanzinga et al. 2016 [7] | 79 ± 5 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (max manual), AD+IR + VR (manual) | No further increase in AT was found after ALL section. Significant increase of IR at 30° and 90° flexion only after additional ALL sectioning. ACL- and ALL-sectioned knees have significantly more acceleration of PS than that in intact knees. |
Saiegh et al. 2015 [19] | 42 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (120 N), VG (40–50 N) + manual axial compression | No change in AT or IR after subsequent sectioning of ALL. |
Parsons et al. 2015 [20] | 76.3 | Intact-ACL section-LCL section-ALL section | AD (134 N), IR (5 Nm) | ALL is important stabilizer of internal rotation at flexion angles greater than 35°. The ACL is the primary resister during anterior draw at all flexion angles and during internal rotation at flexion angles less than 35° |
Monaco et al. 2012 [11] | 72 | Intact-ACL section-ALL section | AD (manual), AD+IR + VR (manual) | 5.5° increase of IR at 30° flexion after additional ALL sectioning. No significant increase of AT after additional ALL sectioning. |