Table 2 Summary of parameters and categories used for evaluating graft maturation on second-look arthroscopy
Integrity | Tension | Synovial coverage | |
|---|---|---|---|
Defrere et al. [19] (CORR, 1994) | 1. Invested either by a synovial layer or by neovascularization | ||
- Perfect stability; slight instability | |||
2. Non-invested (without sign of above) | |||
- Perfect stability; slight instability; rupture in one half; graft failure | |||
Jung YB et al. [20] (Bull Hosp Jt Dis, 1997) | One or more of the following findings: | ||
Nearly normal appearance; incomplete synovial coverage; partially torn fibers at the femoral tunnel site; | |||
parallel fragmentation with cyclops lesion; impingement without the damage of the ACL graft | |||
Toritsuka et al. [5] (AOTS, 2005) | No tear; | Arthroscopic probe test | NA |
Partial tear | Taut (as normal ACL); | ||
- Superficial partial tear | Mildly lax (less tension, | ||
- Substantial partial tear | showing redundancy); | ||
- Partial tear, not classified | Lax (obvious loss of tension) | ||
Iwai et al. [21] (AOTS, 2005) | Fibrous split (+) | Arthroscopic probe test | NA |
Fibrous split (−) | Normal tension; | ||
Decreased tension | |||
Ahn et al. [6] (Arthroscopy, 2007) | Normal; | Arthroscopic probe test | Good (complete) |
Partial tear | Taut; slightly lax | Half (insufficient) | |
Complete tear | Pale (severely insufficient) | ||
Ahn et al. [22] (KSSTA, 2007) | Normal; | Arthroscopic probe test | Fair (well covered) |
Partial tear; | Taut; slightly lax | Poor (barely covered) | |
Complete tear | |||
Kondo et al. [7] (Arthroscopy, 2007) | A (no laceration or elongation of thick graft) | A (completely covered) | |
B (partial laceration of thick graft or no laceration or elongation of thin graft) | B (partial) | ||
C (complete tear or obvious elongation) | C (almost not) | ||
Otsubo et al. [23] (KSSTA, 2007) | No rupture | Arthroscopic probe test | Good (whole length) |
Partial rupture | Taut (normal ACL) | Fair (> 50%) | |
Total rupture | Lax (loss of tension) | Poor (< 50%) | |
Lee et al. [24] (Arthroscopy, 2010) | Normal | Arthroscopic probe test | Normal (> 50%) |
Abnormal (tear or cyclops lesion) | Normal (< 3 mm) | Abnormal (< 50%) | |
Nearly normal (3–5 mm) | |||
Abnormal (5–10 mm) | |||
Severely abnormal (> 10 mm) | |||
Mae et al. [25] (Arthroscopy, 2010) | No tear; | Arthroscopic probe test | Good (whole length) |
Superficial tear | Taut; mildly lax; lax | Fair (> 50%) | |
Poor (< 50%) | |||
Substantial tear | |||
Ahn et al. [26] (JBJS, 2011) | A (no laceration or elongation of thick graft) | A (complete) | |
B (partial laceration of thick graft or no laceration/elongation of thin graft) | B (partial) | ||
C (complete tear or obvious elongation) | C (almost not) | ||
Ahn et al. [27] (Arthroscopy, 2011) | No tear | Arthroscopic probe test | Good |
Partial tear | Taut; mildly lax; lax | Fair | |
Complete tear | Poor | ||
Kinugasa et al. [8] (Arthroscopy, 2011) | No tear | Arthroscopic probe test | Good (> 80%) |
Superficial tear | Taut; mildly lax; lax | Fair (50–80%) | |
Substantial tear | Poor (< 50%) | ||
Ohsawa et al. [28] (AJSM, 2012) | No tear (> 80%) | Arthroscopic probe test | Excellent (entire coverage) |
Partial tear (30–80%) | Taut (< 3 mm, firm end point) | Fair (partial defect) | |
Complete tear (< 30%) | Slightly lax (> 3 mm, firm end point) | Poor (barely covered) | |
Lax (no firm end point) | |||
Ohsawa et al. [29] (Arthroscopy, 2012) | No tear (> 80%) | Arthroscopic probe test | Excellent (entire coverage) |
Partial tear (30–80%) | Taut (< 3 mm, firm end point) | Fair (partial defect) | |
Complete tear (< 30%) | Slightly lax (> 3 mm, firm end point) | Poor (barely covered) | |
Lax (no firm end point) | |||
Tanaka et al. [30] (KSSTA, 2012) | No tear | Arthroscopic probe test | Good (whole length covered) |
Substantial tear | Taut (as normal ACL) | Fair (> 50%) | |
Lax (looser than normal) | Poor (< 50%) | ||
Kim et al. [31] (Knee, 2014) | No tear | No arthroscopic test | Good |
Partial tear | (tested by KT-2000 and PST) | Partial | |
Poor | |||
Complete tear | |||
Nakamae et al. [32] (BJJ, 2014) | Normal | 1. Synovial coverage of graft: | |
Damaged (obvious lack of tension or a substantial tear) | good (> 80%); fair (50–80%); poor (< 50%) | ||
2. Synovial coverage between the graft and the femoral bone tunnel: | |||
good (> 80%); poor (< 80%) | |||
Ahn et al. [9]† (Arthroscopy, 2015) | ≥ 90%; 75–90%; 50–75%; < 50% | Arthroscopic probe test | ≥ 75%; 50–75%; 25–50%; < 25% |
< 2 mm; 2–5 mm; 5–10 mm; > 10 mm | |||
Kondo et al. [17] (AJSM, 2015) | I (no laceration or tear) | No arthroscopic test | I (completely with thick tissue) |
II (partial laceration) | (tested by KT-2000 and PST) | II (completely with thin tissue) | |
III (partly with thin tissue or almost not covered) | |||
III (complete tear or obvious elongation) | |||
Lu et al. [18]† (AJSM, 2015) | No tear (> 80%) | Arthroscopic probe test | Synovial coverage and vascularization |
Partial tear (30–80%) | Taut (tense as normal ACL) | Excellent (entirely covered) | |
Complete tear (< 30%) | Mildly lax (less tension, redundant) | Fair (partial defect) | |
Lax (obvious loss of tension) | Poor (barely covered) | ||
Choi et al. [33] (Knee, 2017) | N/A | Arthroscopic probe test and | Excellent (> 80%) |
intra-operative anterior drawer test | Good (50–80%) | ||
(translation was measured by ruler) | Fair (20–50%) | ||
Poor (< 20%) | |||
Kim et al. [10] (KSSTA, 2017) | I (> 80% intact) | Arthroscopic probe test | I (> 80%) |
II (< 80% intact) | I (< 3 mm, firm end) | II (30–80%) | |
III (< 30% intact) | II (> 3 mm, firm end); | III (< 30%) | |
III (no firm end) | |||
Kim et al. [11]† (KSSTA, 2017) | Complete tear | No arthroscopic test | > 75% |
Partial tear | (tested by Lachman test and | 25–75% | |
No tear | stress radiograph) | < 25% | |
Matsushita et al. [12] (KSSTA, 2017) | No laceration | No elongation | Completely covered |
Partial tear | Elongation of thin graft | Partially covered | |
Complete tear | Obvious elongation | Almost not covered | |
Nakayama et al. [13] (Knee, 2017) | Good (no partial tear); fair (superficial tear); poor (substantial tear) | No arthroscopic test (tested by KT-1000) | Good (complete); fair (> 50%); poor (< 50%) |
Xu et al. [34] (Med Sci Monit, 2017) | Good | Arthroscopic probe test | > 75%; 50–75%; 25–50%; < 25% |
Fair | Taut; mildly lax; lax | ||
Damaged (re-tear) | |||
Yoo et al. [14] (KSSTA, 2017) | Intact | No arthroscopic test | Good (> 20%) |
Partial tear; total tear | (tested by Lachman test and PST) | Poor (< 20%) | |