Table 3 Regression analyses (GLMM) predicting chronic opioid use (opioids ≥ 90 to 270 days after total knee replacement)^a

Opioid naïve^b

No versus yes

1.60 (1.45, 1.78)

1.63 (1.47, 1.80)

Opioid days during exposure period^c

1–7 days versus 0 days

1.66 (1.30, 2.13)

8–29 days versus 0 days

1.88 (1.51, 2.35)

30 days versus 0 days

2.08 (1.66, 2.60)

Mean daily MME during exposure period

0 < MME < 50 versus 0 MME

1.80 (1.45, 2.24)

50 ≤ MME < 90 versus 0 MME

1.91 (1.53, 2.40)

MME ≥ 90 versus 0 MME

1.92 (1.52, 2.44)

Hospital length of stay

4+ days versus 3 or fewer days

1.07 (1.00, 1.15)

1.07 (1.00, 1.14)

Number of unique opioid prescribers during exposure period

Per additional prescriber

1.01 (0.97, 1.06)

1.02 (0.98, 1.06)

Patient age

Per additional year

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

Number of opioid prescriptions during exposure period

per additional prescription

1.03 (1.01, 1.05)

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

Race/ethnicity

White

Ref.

Ref.

Minority race–ethnicity

1.05 (0.99, 1.12)

1.05 (0.99, 1.12)

Sex

Female

Ref.

Ref.

Male

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

Other medications during exposure period

NSAIDS, APAP

0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

Antidepressants

1.03 (0.97, 1.10)

1.04 (0.97, 1.11)

Antipsychotics

1.14 (1.03, 1.26)

1.14 (1.02, 1.26)

Gabapentin

1.05 (0.97, 1.12)

1.05 (0.98, 1.13)

Pregabalin

1.02 (0.91, 1.16)

1.02 (0.91, 1.15)

Benzodiazepines

1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

Selected sedatives/hypnotics^d

1.05 (0.97, 1.13)

1.04 (0.97, 1.13)

Muscle relaxants

1.07 (1.00, 1.15)

1.07 (1.00, 1.15)

Duloxetine

0.98 (0.89, 1.09)

0.98 (0.88, 1.08)

Medical comorbidities

Pulmonary circulation disease

1.13 (1.02, 1.26)

1.13 (1.02, 1.26)

Diabetes without complications

0.94 (0.88, 1.00)

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

Liver disease

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)