Botulinum toxin injections as salvage therapy is beneficial for management of patellofemoral pain syndrome

Table 4 Subgroup analysis—improvement ∆ comparison between the subgroups

	Subgroups	Lysholm	Kujala	NRS	SF-6
Age group	< 60 years	30.5 ± 19.0	27.2 ± 18.3	−4.5 ± 3.0	0.2 ± 0.2
	≥ 60 years	22.5 ± 15.5	18.9 ± 14.4	−4.2 ± 3.2	0.1 ± 0.1
	P^*	0.17	0.183	0.76	0.071
Gender	Male	31.0 ± 22.9	28.7 ± 21.3	−4.1 ± 3.1	0.2 ± 0.2
	Female	25.3 ± 15.1	21.4 ± 14.6	−4.5 ± 3.1	0.1 ± 0.1
	P^*	0.574	0.268	0.753	0.297
Osteoarthritis	Yes	22.8 ± 14.6	19.8 ± 14.5	−4.3 ± 3.0	0.1 ± 0.1
	No	33.2 ± 20.6	29.3 ± 19.3	−4.5 ± 3.2	0.2 ± 0.1
	P^*	0.097	0.128	0.871	0.153
Physiotherapy	Yes	27.8 ± 18.1	23.8 ± 16.8	−4.4 ± 2.9	0.1 ± 0.1
	No	24.4 ± 18.0	23.5 ± 19.5	−4.2 ± 3.8	0.2 ± 0.1
	P^*	0.827	0.975	0.869	0.854

∆ Data represent the differences between the post- and pre-intervention scores. Values are expressed as mean ± SD
P* the p-value of the subgroup comparison within each group. Refers to the independent sample t-test (normal distribution) or independent sample Mann–Whitney U test (skewed distribution)

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