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Table 1 Attachment site and length change of the anterolateral ligament

From: The anterolateral ligament of the knee joint: a review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and anterolateral ligament surgery

 

Femoral attachment

Tibial attachment

Length change

Claes et al. (2013) [6]

Prominence of LFE or anterior to LFE

21.6 ± 4.0 mm posterior to GT, 23.2 ± 5.7 mm anterior to FH

41.5 ± 6.7 mm in 90° of flexion, 38.5 ± 6.1 mm in extension (p < 0.001)

Dodds et al. (2014) [5]

4.3 ± 4.9 mm posterior, 8.0 ± 5.2 mm proximal to LFE

18 ± 3 mm posterior to GT, 17 ± 3 mm anterior to FH

Isometric from 0 to 60° of (1.7 ± 1.1 mm, p = 0.980), shortening of 4.1 ± 0.9 mm (p = 0.011) from 60 to 90°.

Kennedy et al. (2015) [4]

Posterior and proximal to LFE with the distance of 7.0 mm (5.6–8.4)

24.7 mm posterior to GT, 26.1 mm anterior to FH

A continuous increase in length with increasing knee flexion: 41.6 mm in 90° of flexion, 36.8 mm in extension

Zens et al. (2015) [19]

(none)

(none)

Continuous increase in length with increasing knee flexion: 10.15% per degree (p < 0.001)

Runer et al. (2016) [16]

LFE (45.0%) or just posterior and proximal to LFE (55.0%)

18.6 ± 3.8 mm posterior to GT, 15.2 ± 3.9 mm anterior to FH

Lengthening from 0 to 60° (4.7 ± 2.5 mm, p < 0.001), of shortening of 1.0 ± 1.6 mm (p = 0.015) from 60 to 90°

Dagget et al. (2016) [18]

12 (23%): directly to LFE, 30 (58%): slightly proximal and posterior to LFE, 10 (19%): completely proximal and posterior to LFE

(none)

(none)

Kosy et al. (2016) [34]

1: directly to LFE, 6: proximal and posterior to LFE, 3: distal and anterior to LFE

17.7 ± 2.95 mm posterior to GT, 12.3 ± 3.55 mm anterior to FH

(none)

  1. LFE lateral femoral epicondyle, GT Gerdy’s tubercle, FH fibular head