Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

The subjects that received MPFL reconstruction using autograft or allograft were human

The studies evaluated the clinical outcomes of MPFL reconstruction

Studies reporting a minimum 2-year follow-up data on clinical outcomes

Level-I, -II, -III, or -IV evidence required

No exclusions were made on the basis of language

Studies on this topic which were published since the year 2000

Exclusion criteria

Studies that did not evaluate the clinical outcomes of MPFL reconstruction

Studies regarding revision surgery

Patellar dislocation after total knee arthroplasty

Subjects who had congenital disease or connective tissue disorders

Combined surgery for treatment other ligament injury such as ACL, PCL, collateral ligament injuries

Studies reporting less than 2-year follow-up data on clinical outcomes

Level-V evidence (case report, technical note, letters to editor), review articles

Animal studies or in vitro studies