Fig. 1

Measurements of key coronal alignment parameters. A The mechanical hip–knee–ankle angle (mHKA) is the angle between the femur and tibia’s mechanical axes, with a negative value for varus knee and positive value for valgus alignments. B The lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) is the lateral angle between the femur’s mechanical axis and the distal femur joint line, connecting the lowest points of the femoral condyles. C The medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) is the medial angle between the tibia’s mechanical axis and the proximal tibia joint line, connecting the lowest points of the tibial plateau. D The angle between the femoral anatomical axis and mechanical axis (AA-MA). E The tibial joint obliquity (TJO) is the angle formed between the floor’s parallel line and the proximal tibia joint line. Positive values represent a lateral open angle, and negative values represent a medial open angle